Common Firearm Malfunctions and How to Prevent Them

Introduction

Even the best firearms can malfunction. Whether you’re shooting at the range or relying on your firearm for defense, a malfunction can be frustrating and potentially dangerous. Most malfunctions, however, are not caused by defects but by simple issues like poor maintenance, improper ammo, or operator error. Knowing how to recognize and prevent them will help keep your firearm reliable and safe.

What is a Firearm Malfunction?

A malfunction happens when a firearm fails to fire, eject, or cycle properly. Unlike mechanical failures, which require gunsmith repair, malfunctions are usually temporary and can often be fixed on the spot. They’re categorized into several common types, and understanding each one makes it easier to identify the cause and solution quickly.

Failure to Feed

Failure to feed occurs when a round does not properly enter the chamber. You might pull the trigger and hear only a click, or notice that the slide or bolt hasn’t fully closed. This problem often comes from dirty feed ramps, weak magazine springs, or damaged magazines. Using quality ammunition and keeping your magazines clean are the simplest ways to prevent feeding issues. Always inspect the top round in your magazine for proper alignment before loading.

Failure to Fire

A failure to fire means you’ve pulled the trigger but the round doesn’t ignite. Common causes include bad primers, light firing pin strikes, or improper seating of the cartridge. Most of the time, this issue comes from ammunition rather than the gun itself. To handle it safely, keep the firearm pointed in a safe direction for several seconds in case it’s a delayed ignition, then clear the chamber and inspect the round. Prevent this malfunction by using reliable ammunition and ensuring your firearm’s firing pin and bolt face are clean.

Failure to Eject

Also known as a “stovepipe,” a failure to eject happens when the spent casing gets stuck in the ejection port instead of being thrown clear. You’ll usually see the casing jammed vertically between the slide and the barrel. This is often caused by weak ammunition, limp wristing (improper grip that slows slide movement), or a dirty extractor. A firm grip, regular cleaning, and quality ammo go a long way toward preventing ejection issues.

Failure to Extract

A failure to extract occurs when the casing remains stuck in the chamber after firing. This can happen if the chamber is dirty, the extractor is worn, or the ammunition case is damaged. If you notice this problem frequently, clean the chamber thoroughly and inspect the extractor for wear. Using quality brass-cased ammunition instead of steel-cased rounds can also reduce extraction problems.

Double Feed

A double feed happens when two rounds try to enter the chamber at once, locking up the gun. It’s one of the more serious malfunctions because it requires deliberate clearing. To fix it, remove the magazine, lock the slide or bolt open, and manually clear both rounds. Double feeds are typically caused by damaged magazines or worn feed lips. Replacing old magazines and performing regular inspections will help prevent them.

Squib Load

A squib load is a dangerous malfunction where a bullet gets lodged in the barrel because the cartridge was underpowered or missing powder entirely. If you ever hear a weak “pop” instead of a normal gunshot, stop shooting immediately. Firing another round behind a stuck bullet can cause severe damage or injury. Squib loads are usually the result of poor-quality or reloaded ammunition, so always use trusted brands and inspect rounds before shooting.

Hang Fire

A hang fire happens when there’s a delay between pulling the trigger and the round firing. It might go off a second or two late. This can be alarming, but the correct response is to keep the firearm pointed in a safe direction for at least 30 seconds before clearing it. Hang fires are most often caused by degraded or improperly stored ammunition. Storing your ammo in a cool, dry place reduces the risk.

Preventing Firearm Malfunctions

Most malfunctions are preventable with simple habits. Keep your firearm clean and properly lubricated. Always use the correct caliber ammunition and inspect it before loading. Replace worn parts like springs and magazines as needed. Avoid using old or poorly stored ammo. And finally, make sure your stance and grip are solid, as poor handling can affect how a firearm cycles. Regular maintenance and practice will greatly reduce your chances of experiencing malfunctions.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Are firearm malfunctions dangerous? Most are not dangerous if handled properly, but failing to follow safe procedures can lead to injury. Always keep the muzzle pointed in a safe direction.
Q2: How often should I clean my firearm to prevent malfunctions? A light cleaning after every range session and a deeper cleaning every few hundred rounds helps maintain reliability.
Q3: What’s the most common cause of gun malfunctions? Dirty or poorly maintained firearms and low-quality ammunition cause most problems.
Q4: Can ammo cause all types of malfunctions? While ammunition is often a factor, improper maintenance, damaged magazines, or shooter error can also contribute.
Q5: What should I do if I experience a malfunction during live fire? Keep your gun pointed safely, remove your finger from the trigger, and follow the correct clearing steps before resuming.
Q6: Is it safe to use steel-cased ammunition? It’s generally safe in modern firearms, but steel cases can cause more wear on extractors and chambers compared to brass.

Conclusion

Firearm malfunctions are part of shooting, but they don’t have to be a constant problem. By understanding what causes them and maintaining good habits, you can keep your firearm dependable and safe. Regular cleaning, quality ammunition, and proper handling are the key ingredients to avoiding most issues. If you need cleaning supplies, ammunition, or replacement magazines, explore our current selection to keep your firearms running smoothly and ready when you need them.