Handgun Ammo Types Explained: FMJ vs Hollow Point vs Defensive Loads

Introduction

Choosing the right handgun ammunition is just as important as choosing the firearm itself. Different ammo types are designed for different purposes, and using the wrong one can lead to poor performance or unnecessary wear. Understanding the basic differences between full metal jacket, hollow point, and defensive loads helps you make smarter choices for training, everyday carry, and home defense.

What is full metal jacket ammo?

Full metal jacket, often called FMJ, is one of the most common handgun ammo types. FMJ bullets have a soft lead core encased in a harder metal jacket, usually copper. This design helps the bullet feed reliably and keeps costs lower than many specialty rounds. FMJ ammo is widely used for training and practice because it is affordable, produces consistent performance, and functions well in most firearms. However, FMJ bullets tend to pass through targets rather than expanding, which makes them less suitable for defensive use.

What is hollow point ammo?

Hollow point ammo is designed to expand on impact. The hollow cavity in the bullet allows it to mushroom when it strikes soft tissue, increasing its diameter and transferring energy more efficiently. This expansion reduces the risk of over penetration and helps stop threats more effectively. Hollow point ammunition is commonly chosen for self defense and home defense because of its controlled penetration and stopping power. It is usually more expensive than FMJ and may feel slightly different in recoil depending on bullet weight and velocity.

What are defensive handgun loads?

Defensive loads are a category of ammunition designed specifically for personal protection. These loads often use advanced bullet designs such as bonded hollow points, controlled expansion bullets, or solid copper projectiles. Defensive ammo is engineered to perform reliably through clothing and other barriers while still expanding consistently. Manufacturers focus heavily on reliability, penetration standards, and terminal performance. Because of this, defensive loads are typically more expensive and should be tested in your firearm before relying on them.

FMJ vs hollow point for practice

Most shooters use FMJ ammunition for range training and reserve hollow points or defensive loads for carry. FMJ is ideal for building fundamentals, practicing reloads, and shooting higher volumes without breaking the budget. Hollow point and defensive ammo should still be tested at the range to confirm reliability and point of impact, but they are not usually shot in large quantities due to cost. A balanced approach is to practice mostly with FMJ while periodically verifying function with your chosen defensive load.

Penetration, expansion, and safety considerations

Penetration and expansion are critical factors when choosing handgun ammo. FMJ bullets typically penetrate deeper and may exit the target, which can pose safety risks in defensive situations. Hollow point and defensive loads are designed to expand and slow down within the target, reducing the chance of over penetration. Always consider your environment, local laws, and intended use when selecting ammunition.

How bullet weight affects ammo choice

Bullet weight, measured in grains, plays a role in how different ammo types behave. Lighter bullets generally travel faster and may have snappier recoil. Heavier bullets often move slower but can feel softer in recoil and penetrate more deeply. Common handgun bullet weights are 115, 124, and 147 grain in 9mm, with each offering different performance characteristics. Testing different weights helps you find what works best in your firearm.

Reliability and firearm compatibility

Not all handguns perform the same with every type of ammunition. Some firearms feed FMJ more easily than hollow points due to bullet shape. Modern defensive ammo is designed to improve feeding reliability, but it is still important to test your chosen load. Fire a reasonable number of rounds to confirm proper feeding, extraction, and accuracy before trusting it for defense.

Cost and availability

FMJ ammunition is usually the most affordable and widely available option. Hollow point and defensive ammo cost more due to complex bullet construction and stricter quality control. Availability can also vary based on demand and regulations. Planning ahead and keeping a small reserve of your preferred defensive ammo helps avoid last minute shortages.

Choosing the right ammo for your needs

Start by defining your purpose. For range practice and training, FMJ is typically the best choice. For concealed carry or home defense, hollow point or dedicated defensive loads offer better performance and safety. Many shooters keep both types on hand and rotate ammo periodically to maintain reliability. Always follow local laws and manufacturer recommendations when selecting ammunition.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1: Can I use FMJ for self defense?

FMJ can function in a defensive situation, but hollow point or defensive ammo is generally preferred due to better expansion and reduced over penetration.

Q2: Should I practice with the same ammo I carry?

It is best to practice mostly with FMJ but test your carry ammo to ensure reliability and familiarity.

Q3: Is hollow point ammo legal everywhere?

Laws vary by location, so always check local regulations before purchasing or carrying hollow point ammo.

Q4: How often should I replace defensive ammo?

Many shooters rotate defensive ammo every 6 to 12 months to ensure reliability.

Q5: Does defensive ammo damage firearms faster?

Defensive ammo is designed to operate within safe pressure limits and should not damage a properly maintained firearm.

Q6: Can different ammo types change point of impact?

Yes, different bullet weights and velocities can affect point of impact, so verify zero when switching loads.

Conclusion

Understanding handgun ammo types makes it easier to choose the right ammunition for every situation. FMJ is ideal for training and practice, while hollow point and defensive loads provide improved performance for personal protection. By matching your ammo choice to your purpose and testing it in your firearm, you can shoot with greater confidence and safety. If you are stocking up for the range or selecting defensive ammo, explore our current handgun ammunition options to find the right fit for your needs.